American Journal of Pediatrics

 
A Clinical Profile and Immediate Outcome of Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) in Hospitalized Children

A. N. M. Shahidul Islam Bhuiyan^1, *, Zahangir Alam², Khondaker Zahirul Hasan², Md Mostafa Zaman³, Md Zakaria⁴

1Department of Paediatrics, Cumilla medical college, Cumilla, Bangladesh
2Department of Paediatrics, Abdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali, Bangladesh 3Department of Paediatrics, M Abdur Rahim Medical College, Dinajpur (MARMC), Bangladesh 4Department of Paediatrics, Sunamgong Sadar Hospital, Sunamgong, Sylhet, Bangladesh

 

Email address:*Corresponding author

To cite this article:

ANM Shahidul Islam Bhuiyan, Zahangir Alam, Khondaker Zahirul Hasan, Md Mostafa Zaman, Md Zakaria. A Clinical Profile and Immediate Outcome of Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) in Hospitalized Children. American Journal of Pediatrics.
Vol. 6, No. 4, 2020, pp. 448-454. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200604.20
 
Received: July 26, 2020; Accepted: October 13, 2020; Published: November 4, 2020

 
Abstract: Introduction: Acute glomerulonephritis includes renal diseases in which immunologic mechanism triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular tissue that can result in damage to the basement membrane, proliferation of mesangium, capillary endothelium. Objectives: The objective of this study is to know the clinical profile and immediate outcome of acute glomerulonephritis in hospitalized children. Material & Methods: The study was done in Chittagong Medical College Hospital Pediatric Unit during the period of June 2007 to February 2008. All patients admitted with AGN, with or without complications were included in this study. Diagnostic criteria were scanty urine (infrequent and less than normal in amount as stated by the parents), swelling, high colored urine with or without albuminuria, no past history of similar attack and microscopic or naked eye haematuria. Criteria of discharge from the hospital were absence of puffiness and oedema, adequate urine formation, absence of heart failure and hypertensive encephalopathy. These were taken as clinical recovery. No long-term follow up was done. Results: Seventy-eight cases of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) in children under 12 years of age were studied. Male to female ration 3:2. Scanty urine (84.0%), puffy face (88.5%) h, haematuria (80.0%), hypertension (82.5%), heart failure (11.5%) convulsion (14%) anuria (3.8%), RBC (92.3%), RBC cast (41%), albumin one (+) (52.6%) two + (14.1%) three + (14.1%), raised s. creatinine was (25.6%), blood urea (26.9%). Four patients were died. Among them three was due to hypertension and heart failure. One due to the development of acute renal failure. History of skin infection like scabies was present in 61.4% patient. Conclusion: Skin infection is the commonest cause of acute glomerulonephritis. Nephritic presentation (scanty urine oedema, haematuria, hypertension and heart failure) was the commonest mode of presentation. Immediate prognosis was excellent- Long term follow up is recommended.
Keywords: Acute Glomerulonephritis, Skin Infection, Hospitalized Children, Pediatric, Haematuria
 
 

1. Introduction

Acute glomerulonephritis includes renal diseases in which immunologic mechanism triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular tissue that can result in damage to the basement membrane, proliferation of mesangium, capillary endothelium. Hippocrates originally described the manifestation of back pain and hematuria, which lead to
oliguria or anuria. With the development of the microscope, Langhans was later able to describe these pathophysiologic glomerular disorder affecting children and also is an important cause of hospital admission in peadiatric unit. Acute glomerulonephritis, particularly acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, in children is a common condition caused due to bacterial infection with group-A beta hemolytic streptococcus typically involving a

 

throat, upper respiratory tract and skin [1]. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis affects children between the ages of five and twelve years and usually rare before the age of three [2]. Most research focuses on the post-streptococcal origin. Acute glomerulonephritis is defined as the sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, and red blood cell casts. The clinical picture is often accompanied by hypertension, edema, and impaired renal function. glomerulonephritis refers to groups of renal disease characterized by inflammation of glomerulus manifested by proliferation of cellular elements secondary to immunogenic mechanism. Secondary forms of glomerulonephritis are much more common in the topics than in the industrialized countries [3]. It is more prevalent among the population particularly where poverty  overcrowding,  poor hygiene living is prevailing, this particular disease contributes to a significant amount of disease burden particularly on hospital admission and the major primary cause is infection [4]. Some of the other less common infective agents have also been identified, such as Streptococcus, schistosomiasis and malaria. Others are only speculative, being suspected from the strikingly high prevalence of proliferative glomerulonephritis, the prototype lesion of such etiology. The clinical picture is quite obvious but laboratory evidences of recent streptococcal infection by finding of elevated anti-streptococcal antibodies  and reduction in serum complement levels due to its consumption in antigen-antibody interaction in the kidneys lend additional diagnostic support. Regarding management and  prognosis, the immediate outcome is rather good in children, but the long-term prognosis is poor. Mortality in acute stage varies and they result from circulatory congestion due to heart failure hypertensive encephalopathy and acute renal failure [6]. The glomerular infection and extension damages the microcirculation, by dipping the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and generally causes an increase in BUN and creatinine. This decrease in GFR, sequentially leads to the preservation of salt and water and produce fluid  overload. The amount of fluid overload in AGN might be differ from substantially. In severe circumstances, it might be visible by serious hypertension and pulmonary edema. Impulsive determination of the clinical indicators is mostly quick: diuresis commonly results in within 1-2 weeks, and the  serum creatinine concentration returns to base line within 4 weeks. The degree at which point urinary abnormalities dissolve is not less inconstant. Hematuria generally resolves by 6 months, but insignificant proteinuria is existent in 15% of patients after 3 years and in 2% of patients after 10 years. [6]
 

2. Objectives

General objective
To assess the clinical profile and immediate outcome of acute glomerulonephritis in hospitalized children.
Specific Objectives
1. To know presenting features of acute GN.
2. To assess the course of disease among hospitalized
acute glomerulonephritis patients
3. To ascertain the immediate outcome among hospitalized acute glomerulonephritis patients.
4. To assess the socio demographic pattern of these children.
 

3. Methodology and Materials

The study was done in Chittagong Medical College Hospital Pediatric Unit during the period of June 2007 to February 2008. All patients admitted with AGN, with or without complications were included in this study. Recruited sample size was 83, five of the patients were excluded from the analysis due to incompleteness of the data hence 78 cases were selected for analysis. Diagnostic criteria were scanty urine (infrequent and less than normal in amount as stated by the parents), swelling, high colored urine with or without albuminuria, no past history of similar attack and microscopic or naked eye haematuria. Criteria of discharge from the hospital were absence of puffiness and oedema, adequate urine formation, absence of heart failure and hypertensive encephalopathy. These were taken as clinical recovery. No long-term follow up was done.
Inclusion Criteria
1. Children admitted with Acute glomerulonephritis in to paediatric unit of CMCH
2. Stayed in the hospital and received at least 7 days treatment
3. Willing to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria
1. Patients with other systemic disease unrelated to acute glomerulonephritis
2. Not willing to participate
 

4. Results

Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents by age. Among the acute glomerulonephritis patients 9.0% aged less than 3 years, 20.5% aged between 4 – 6 years, and 39.7% aged between 7 – 9 years and another 30.8% were aged between 10 – 12 years. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the study patients by sex. Among the children with acute glomerulonephritis 60% were male and 40% were female. Figure 2 show the distribution of the study patients by place of residence. Among the acute glomerulonephritis patient 58% were from urban place of residence, 23% were from semi urban back ground and 19% were from rural areas. Figure 3 illustrates the distribution of the study patients by their socioeconomic status. Most of the (59%) patients belong to the Low socioeconomic status, 17.9% were with middle socioeconomic status and only 23.1% share high socioeconomic status. Among the acute glomerulonephritis patients in the study 42.1% provided the history of Sore throat, 61.4% provided the history of infected scabies and 19.3% reported previous exposure to both Sore throat & skin infection. ‘Multiple response analysis’ was performed to find out the prevalence of individual presenting feature among the acute glomerulonephritis patients. Among the most striking

 
 

features puffy face (88.5%), Hematuria (80.7%) and Scanty micturition (84.0%) were most prevalent in different combination. Of the total patients (23.1%) had respiratory distress, 24.4% had cough, and other complications were- headache (17.9%), vomiting (14.1%), chest pain (14.1%), convulsion (14.1%). Among the other generalized features fever (7.7%), abdominal pain (2.6%) were also reported. Presenting general examination finding of the acute glomerulonephritis patient reported in paediatric hospital were tabulated in Table 4. Of the total participants pallor was found in 57.0% patients, oedema was found in 63.5% children with acute glomerulonephritis and hypertension was found in 82.5% patients. 11.5% had enlarged liver, 14.1% Lung crepitations, and 6.3% had engorged neck vein. Table 5 shows the urinary findings of acute glomerulonephritis patients. Regarding, urinary manifestations among the study patients in 24  hours 3.8% had  anuria.  Urinary volume   was
<250ml in 10.3% patients. 250-500ml 9.0%, 500-750ml- 39.7R and above 750ml in 37.2% cases. Urinary protein was measured and in 19.2% patient no protein was detected. In 52.6% patient protein content was One + in 14.1% protein content was ‘two +’ and in 14.1% patient protein content was ‘three +’. Following routine microscope examination RBC was detected in 92.3% patients, Pus cell was detected in 20.5% patient, RBC cast was detected in 41.0% patient, granular cast was found in 17.9% patients and Hyaline cast was detected 5.1% patient. Culture of urine revealed no growth in 91.03% cases and growth of E coli was found in 8.97% cases. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) examination revealed > 20 mm in 1^st hour in 87.2% of the subjects. Raised ASO titre (> 200 IU) was found in 52.6% patients, raised urea in blood (>60 mg/dl) was found in 26.9% patients, raised serum creatinine (>1 mg/dl) was found in 25.6% patients. Throat swab culture in 80.8% cases no growth was found, in 5.1% cases Streptococcus þ - hemolyticus growth was found and in 14.1% growth of normal flora was found. Following Skin culture in 91.0% cases no growth was found, in 9% cases Streptococcus þ- hemolyticus was isolated. Figure 4 shows the distribution of the time required to subside the oedema in patients with acute glomerulonephritis. Among the 54 patients, in 17.9% case oedema was subsided within 5 days, in 7.7% cases oedema was subsided between 6 – 10 days, in 15.4% cases oedema was subsided between 11-15 days in 2.6% cases oedema was subsided between 16-20 days and in 2.6% cases oedema was still persistent at discharge. Figure 5 shows the distribution of the time required to control the hypertension in patients with acute glomerulonephritis. Among the 64 patients with hypertension, in 1.3% case hypertension was subsided within 5 days, in 20.5% cases hypertension was subsided between  6
– 10 days, in 12.8% cases hypertension was subsided between 11 – 15 days in 26.9% cases hypertension was subsided between 16 – 20 days and in 1.3% cases hypertension was still persistent at discharge. Figure 6 depicts the distribution of the time required to subside hematuria. Among the patients with Hematuria on admission in 55% cases haematuria was subsided in between 6 – 10 days. In 28% cases haematuria was subsided in between 11 –
15   days  and   in  11%  cases  haematuria   was  subsided  in
between 16 – 20 days. In 6% cases haematuria was persistent during the discharge. Length of hospital stay for the event of illness or episode of acute glomerulonephritis is illustrated in Table 8. Among the acute glomerulonephritis patient survived the illness episode 14.1% had to stay in hospital for
< 1 week, 24.4% had to stay in hospital for 1 – 2 weeks, 39.7% had to stay in hospital for 2 – 3 weeks, and 21.8% had to stay in hospital 3 - 4 weeks. Immediate outcome of the acute glomerulonephritis was tabulated in Table 9, Among the 78 Acute glomerulonephritis patients 57.7% had compete recovery on discharge, 1.28% Acute renal failure (ARF), 11.5% Heart failure, 14.1% Hypertensive encephalopathy, 10.3% Discharge own risk bond and 5.1% Death.

 
Figure 1. Distribution of the study subjects by sex. (78).

 
Figure 2. Distribution of the study subjects by place of residence.(n=78).

 
Figure 3. Distribution of the study subjects by Socio economic status. (n=78).
 
Table 1. Distribution of the study subjects by age. (n=78).
 

Age < 3 Years	Frequency 7	% 9.0
4 – 6 Years	16	20.5
7 – 9 Years	31	39.7
10 – 12 Years	24	30.8
Total	78	100.0

 
 

Figure 4. Period of subsiding Oedema. (n=78).
 
Table 2. Distribution of past history of risk factor exposure. (n=78).
 

History of infection	Frequency %
Skin infection	24	42.1%
Sore throat	24	42.1%
Infected scabies	35	61.4%
Both Sore throat & skin infection	11	19.3%
	94	164.9%

* Percentage exceeds 100 dues to multiple responses.

 
Figure 5. Period of controlling hypertension. (n=78).
Figure 6. Period of disappearing heamaturia. (n=78).
 
Table 3. Distribution of presenting features. (n=78).
 

Presenting featuresa Puffy face	Frequency 69	% 88.50
Scanty micturition	65	84.00
Hematuria	62	80.70
Respiratory Distress	18	23.10
Cough	19	24.40
Headache	14	17.90
Vomiting	11	14.10
Chest Pain	11	14.10
Convulsion	11	14.10
Fever	6	07.70
Abdominal pain	2	02.60

* Percentage exceeds 100 due to multiple responses.
 
Table 4. Distribution of Clinical features found in general examination. (n=78).
 

Clinical feature	Frequency %
Pallor	45	57.0%
Oedema	40	63.5%
Hypertension	64	82.5%
Enlarged Liver	09	11.5%
Lung crepitations	11	14.1%
Engorged Neck Vein	04	06.3%

* Percentage exceeds 100 due to multiple responses.

 
Table 5. Distribution of urine analysis findings. (n=78).
 

Criteria	Frequency %
Urine Volume in 24 hr.
Anuria	03	03.8
< 250 ml	08	10.3
250 – 500 ml	07	09.0
500 – 750 ml	31	39.7
> 750 ml	29	37.2
Urinary protein
Nil	15	19.2
One +	41	52.6
two +	11	14.1
three +	11	14.1
Urine RME*
RBC	72	92.3%
Puss cell	16	20.5%
RBC Cast	32	41.0%
Granular Cast	14	17.9%
Hyaline Cast	04	5.1%

 
 
 

Criteria	Frequency %
Urine culture
No growth	71	91.03%
E. coli	07	8.97%
Total	78	100.0

* Percentage exceeds 100 due to multiple responses.
 
Table 6. Distribution of finding laboratory investigation. (n=78).
 

Lab investigation	Frequency %
ESR > 20 mm in 1st hour	68	87.2%
Raised ASO titre	41	52.6%
Raised Urea blood	21	26.9%
Raised Serum creatinine	20	25.6%

(ASO titre > 200 IU/ml, Raised Urea blood 60 mg/dl, Serum creatinine > 1mg/dl.
 
Table 7. Distribution of the evidences of active infection. (n=78).
 

Specimen	Frequency %
Throat swab examination
No growth	63	80.8%
Streptococcus þ-hemolyticus	04	05.1%
Normal flora	11	14.1%
Skin swab examination
No growth	71	91.0%
Streptococcus þ-hemolyticus	07	09.0%
Total	78	100.0%

 
Table 8. Distribution of Length of hospital stay. (n=78).
 

Length of hospital stay	Frequency %
< 1 Week	11	14.1%
1 – 2 weeks	19	24.4%
2 – 3 weeks	31	39.7%
3 – 4 weeks	17	21.8%
Total	78	100.0%

 
Table 9. Distribution of immediate outcome of treatment discharge. (n=78).
 

Immediate Outcome	Frequency %
Complete recovery on discharge	45	57.7%
Acute renal failure (ARF)	1	1.28%
Heart failure	9	11.5%
Hypertensive encephalopathy	11	14.1%
Discharge own risk bond	8	10.3%
Death	4	5.1%
Total	78	100.0%

 

5. Discussion

Even though the pathogenesis is not fully understood, existing evidence provisions that most cases of acute glomerulonephritis are due to  an  immunologic reaction to a variety of different etiologic agents. The immunologic response, sequentially, stimulates a number of biological procedures that cause glomerular inflammation and damage. Acute glomerulonephritis perhaps will be isolated to the kidney or be a factor of a systemic condition. Diseases containing the renal glomeruli are come across habitually in clinical practice and are the most common reasons of end stage renal disease globally [7]. The true incidence of the disease is difficult to ascertain because of the wide range of
clinical manifestations. Management of the disease in children is primarily dependent on supportive and symptomatic care and very little can be done to  modify the course of the disease. Physicians often face difficulty in managing children with mixed presentation and complication. The present study opted to report the Clinical profile and immediate outcome of children with admission diagnosis of AGN, in Chittagong medical college hospital. The immediate outcome of the  disease  is favorable in children than in adults. Hence prompt diagnosis in children may ease the difficulty of  physicians in treating the disease and could increase the chance of prompt recovery. Moreover, forms of presentation and extent of immediate clinical outcome is worth exploring. For these reasons, it is of considerable interest to identify the patterns of glomerular disease in

 

specific regions. Among the acute glomerulonephritis patients   9.0%   aged   less   than   3   years,   20.5% aged
between 4 – 6 years, and 39.7% aged between 7 – 9 years and another 30.8% were aged between 10 – 12 years. Majority (60%) of the patients were  female.  The pattern is identical with other researches. According to Rodriguez-Iturbe² around 58% were from urban place of residence, 23% were from semi urban back ground and 19% were rom rural areas. Regarding socioeconomic status, 17.9% were with Middle socioeconomic  status  and only 23.1% share high socioeconomic status. Other researches also suggest that it is more prevalent among  the population where poverty  overcrowding,  poor hygiene living is prevailing. The major primary cause identified most researchers was infection  [8].  Some  of the other less common infective agents have also been identified, such as Streptococcus, schistosomiasis and malaria. Others are only speculative, being suspected  from the strikingly high prevalence of proliferative glomerulonephritis, the prototype lesion of such etiology. History of past streptococcal infection is described as an established risk factor that illustrate causal link of acute glomerulonephritis. In the current study 42.1% provided the history of skin infection, 42.1% provided the history  of infected scabies and 19.3%  reported  previous exposure to both Sore throat & skin infection. Acute glomerulonephritis presents with some complaints. Following multiple response analysis striking features found scanty urine (84.0%) puffy face  (88.5%) haematuria (80.7%) hypertension (82.5%), heart failure
(11.5%),  convulsions  (14.1%),  anuria  (3.8%), headache
(17.9%), cough (24.4%) on physical  examination  patients among the study participants pallor (57%), oedema  (69.2%),  hypertension  (82.5%),  enlarged  liver
(11.5%). Lung crepitations (14.1%). Hypertension happens in nearly 80-90% of cases of acute glomerulonephritis and cerebral complications including headache, seizures, mental status changes and visual changes occur in 30-35% of cases [9]. In this study, we found hypertension in 82.5% cases. The commonness of cerebral complications is lower compared to the observations made by other studies, whereas cardiac complications are also comparatively few [10] The high prevalence of  hypertension as presenting feature could  be due to failure to attend treatment in  the  earlier  stage of illness resulting late sequel of the disease. we found raised ASO titre in 52.6%. Also, serum creatinine level was high only in 25.6% of the cases. Similar cases have been reported in some studies [11-13].
 

6. Conclusion and Recommendations

Seventy-eight cases of different age groups were admitted during the eight months period, from June 2007 to February 2008. Highest incidence was observed during the months of October, November and December. Incidence of the disease was more among the poor socioeconomic classes. There was
male preponderance of the disease in this study. The peak  age observed was between 7-9 years. The cases were suspected to be of post-streptococcal origin as evidenced by history of skin infections or sore throat and or raised as titre although B-hemolytic streptococcus could not be isolated in most cases. Occurrence of heart failure was 11.5%. 61.4% had infected scabies and 82.5% hypertension. About complete recovery was obtained in 95% of cases. Hematuria was present in 6% during discharge. Emphasis should be given on prevention of the disease through health education, providing primary health care and early recognition and treatment of scabies infections and streptococcal pharyngitis. Timely and proper intervention is necessary and long term follow up should be done in every patient.
 

7. Limitations of the Study

The present study was conducted at a very short period of time. Recruited sample size of this study was 83, five of the patients were excluded from the analysis due to incompleteness of the data hence 78 cases were selected for analysis. For being a study in a single community with comparatively small number of sample size, the study result may not reflect the exact scenarios of the whole country.

 

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